Goods and services tax: meaning of 'Commonwealth, a State or a Territory' 

 

What this Ruling is about

1. This Ruling discusses the meaning of 'Commonwealth, a State or a Territory' for the purposes of the following provisions of the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 (GST Act):

(a)

 section 9-20 - Enterprises;

(b)

 section 38-15 - Other government funded health services;

(c)

 section 38-25 - Residential care etc;

(d)

 section 38-30 - Community care etc;

(e)

 section 38-445 - Grants of freehold land and similar interests by governments;

(f)

 section 38-450 - Leases preceding grants of freehold land and similar interests by governments;

(g)

 section 72-95 - Commonwealth government entities;

(h)

 section 72-100 - State or Territory government entities; and

(i)

 section 75-10 - The amount of GST on taxable supplies (of freehold interests etc).

2. This Ruling does not address:

·

 the meaning of 'an authority of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory' in paragraph (b) of the definition of 'Australian government agency';¹ or

·

 when an entity shares the immunities and privileges of the Crown.

3. Unless otherwise stated, all references in this Ruling are to the GST Act.

Date of effect

4. This Ruling explains our view of the law as it applied from 1 July 2000. You can rely upon this Ruling on and from its date of issue for the purposes of section 37 of the Taxation Administration Act 1953 . Goods and Services Tax Ruling GSTR 1999/1 explains the GST rulings system and our view of when you can rely on our interpretation of the law in GST public and private rulings.

5. If this Ruling conflicts with a previous private ruling that you have obtained, this public ruling prevails. However, if you have relied on a private ruling, you are protected in respect of what you have done up to the date of issue of this public ruling. This means that if you have underpaid an amount of GST, you are not liable for the shortfall prior to the date of issue of this later ruling. Similarly, you are not liable to repay an amount overpaid by the Commissioner as a refund.

Ruling with Explanation

6. The Commissioner considers that the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory includes a department, agency or organisation of the type referred to in the definition of 'government entity' in section 195-1.

7. Section 195-1 adopts the meaning of 'government entity' given by section 41 of the A New Tax System (Australian Business Number) Act 1999 . This means that the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory, as the case may be, includes any of the following:

(a)

 a Department of State of the Commonwealth;

(b)

 a Department of the Parliament;

(c)

 an Executive Agency, or Statutory Agency, within the meaning of the Public Service Act 1999 ;

(d)

 a Department of State of a State or Territory; and

(e)

 an organisation that:

(i)

 is not an entity;² and

(ii)

 is either established by the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory (whether under a law or not) to carry on an enterprise or established for a public purpose by an Australian law; and

(iii)

 can be separately identified by reference to the nature of the activities carried on through the organisation or the location of the organisation;

 whether or not the organisation is part of a Department or branch described in paragraph (a), (b), (c) or (d) or of another organisation of the kind described in this paragraph.

Corporations

8. The Commonwealth, a State or a Territory is not limited to the departments, agencies and organisations described at paragraph 7 and may include a corporation which is not a 'government entity' as defined in section 195-1.³ However, not every corporation in which the Commonwealth or a State or Territory has an interest is part of the Commonwealth or the State or Territory.

9. The Commissioner considers that this issue is to be determined in accordance with the principles developed by the High Court of Australia in the cases concerning the meaning of 'a State' in section 114 of the Australian Constitution, most recently in SGH Ltd v. Commissioner of Taxation [2002] HCA 18; (2002) 2002 ATC 4366; (2002) 49 ATR 521; (2002) 210 CLR 51 (the SGH case).⁴ The discussion which follows is drawn from these cases.

10. For ease of reference, the discussions refer to a State, as that is the context in which the issue most commonly arises for GST purposes, but the principles apply equally in determining whether a corporation is the Commonwealth or a Territory. Similarly, while the discussion focuses upon corporations, many of the principles could apply to other structures, such as a trust.

11. The fundamental principle established by these cases is that, if the corporation is discharging governmental functions for the State - that is, the State is carrying on the relevant business or other function through the corporation - the corporation is the State.⁵ On the other hand, if the intention is for the corporation to perform its functions independently of, and not as an instrument of, the State - so that the concept of a State activity cannot be realistically applied to that which the corporation does - the corporation is not the State.⁶

12. To determine which of these characterisations applies in a particular case, the following principles should be considered:

(a)

 whether a corporation is the State requires consideration of every feature relevant to its relationship with the State;⁷

(b)

 it is the ownership and management of a corporation, and the purposes it is required to pursue, that will most often reveal whether the corporation is the State. If examination of those features reveals that the corporation is wholly owned and controlled by the State, and must act solely in the interests of the State, the conclusion that it is the State will readily follow;⁸

(c)

 it follows that it is not sufficient to demonstrate a government policy of favouring or facilitating the creation of the corporation in pursuit of some aspect of the public interest. If the State does not control the conduct of the affairs of the corporation, the State cannot be said to be carrying on activities of government through the corporation;⁹

(d)

 a provision that the corporation must pursue the interests of the State or the public or that its policies could be determined by the executive government of the State is an indicator that the corporation is the State;¹⁰

(e)

 conversely, a provision that positively permits the corporation to take account of other external interests is a contrary indicator.¹¹ An example would be such a provision in relation to the interests of shareholders who do not represent the State;

(f)

 a corporation may be the State even though its functions are not traditional and inalienable functions of government, but extend to commercial functions.¹² However, that a corporation's functions are traditional or generally accepted governmental functions may assist in forming the view that the corporation is an instrument of the State;¹³

(g)

 the participation of the executive government in formulating policy and making decisions is an indicator that the corporation is the State.¹⁴ For example, a power for a Minister or the Executive Council to override decisions of the board is indicative that the corporation is an instrument of the State;

(h)

 conversely, the absence of control by the executive, and the absence of guidelines in the exercise of its functions, point to the corporation not being the State.¹⁵ However, the weight to be given to the absence of a power to interfere with the day to day control of the corporation's activities will depend upon the occasion for the exercise of such a power. The absence of the power will be of little significance where the occasion for the exercise of it would be rare, for example, where a duty to pursue the interests of the State or the public is imposed on the Board in any case;¹⁶

(i)

 the absence of corporators (shareholders) has been held to be a relevant factor indicating that the corporation may be the State;¹⁷

(j)

 the ability of the executive government to control the appointment and, more particularly, the removal of directors is an indicator that the corporation is the State;¹⁸

(k)

 the financial arrangements for the corporation are likely to be indicative. These include whether there is a requirement that the corporation's accounts are to be audited by the State Auditor-General and the results reported to the State's Treasurer, whether the corporation's borrowings are guaranteed by the State or may only be made with the consent of the Treasurer, and the destination of profits of the corporation, that is, whether they are distributed to the State;¹⁹

(l)

 a regulatory role, even a modest one, such as the power to make by-laws, is an indicator that the corporation is an instrument of the State;²⁰

(m)

 in the consideration of whether a corporation is the Commonwealth, a requirement for the corporation to pay income tax is unlikely to be relevant. It may increase the Commonwealth's participation in profits of the corporation, but otherwise it merely assimilates the financial accounts of the corporation or those of other non-government corporations.²¹ The Commissioner considers that similar comments apply in respect of an obligation to pay income tax equivalents under National Compensation Policy arrangements; and

(n)

 while it may be that there is no impediment to a corporation established under the general corporations or associations incorporation law being the State, the Commissioner is not aware of any decided case where such a corporation has been held to be the State.²² A submission that such a corporation is the State would require careful consideration by the Commissioner. This is so whether the corporation's shares are owned directly by the State, such as through a Minister of the Crown, or by another corporation controlled by the State.

Local governments

13. Local governments are not a State or a Territory. A local government performs its functions independently of, and not as an instrument of, the State. It neither operates solely in the interests of the State, nor is controlled by the State, but is an autonomous body, separate from the State.

14. This is confirmed by the High Court case of Federated Municipal and Shire Council Employees Union of Australia v. The Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Councillors and Citizens of the City of Melbourne (1918-19) 26 CLR 508. The Court held that municipal corporations established under State laws are not, with regard to the making, maintenance, control and lighting of public streets, instrumentalities of State government.

15. Also, in Sydney City Council v. Reid (1994) 34 NSWLR 506 at 520, Kirby J in describing what a local government is said:

Whilst local government is indeed a form of government, it is also a creature of statute. Out of recognition of the imperatives of democratic self government, the statutory provisions have enacted the creation of largely independent corporations accountable (in the ordinary course) not to the Minister (that is the Crown), but to the people who elect them. In this sense, the measure of independence of statutory corporations, by which the government is ordinarily carried out is inconsistent with viewing their employees as servants of the Crown.²³

* Extract only. You can find the full ruling, including footnotes, from the ATO website.